Business Research and Tools Research Paper - 1650 Words

Business Research and Tools (Research Paper Sample) Content: Business Research and ToolsName:Course:Institutional affiliation: Business Research and ToolsThe scaling codes describe attributes which are hard to measure. Respondents in a study will respond differently to the same argument when allowed to choose a word describing an attribute. Since the meanings are relative, accuracy of data collected cannot be fully relied upon since it is also difficult to derive statistical measures from the scaling codes. To some extent, the meaning of the words in the code could be arbitrary. Scale (a) has limited variability. It is also ambiguous when the respondent is torn between yes and no. Scale (b), on the other hand, introduces more arbitrary terms since there is no definite demarcation between good and fair. Scale (d) is more objective since it provides the respondent with greater sensitivity of the measurement than scale (c). Overall, response depends on what the respondent relates the attribute. Statements requiring responses such as those expressed in the codes introduce room for challenging equivalence. The codes, therefore, present limitations when collecting data from different strata of the study. At the same time, respondents tend to choose the middle attribute thereby reducing sensitivity of the scale (Hughes, 2008). Terms in ReviewPurposeIn a secondary research, the purpose outlines what the study aims at achieving. It helps the researcher to come up with a valid research question to be investigated when using the secondary sources. It is also the bottom-line on which specific objectives are based. Lack of a clear purpose invalidates even the best designed research work. This in turn, enables a researcher to collect or contact only the sources that provide required information (Kothari, 2008). ScopeScope of research dictates where the research will focus. It outlines content of research as well as what will be done. It also outlines sources that a researcher targets to use as a means of achieving the overall objective. Failure to have a scope may lead to collection of cumbersome data that do not aid meeting of the primary objective. Scope outlines the borders or research from which the expected outcome will be derived (Kothari, 2008). AuthorityThis refers to the body that validates information collected. The authorizing body vets the research question presented by a researcher. It controls the extent of questions and magnitude of disclosure that the study should pursue. Authority, therefore, controls the scope of the study. While important, it reduces the amount of information that can be gathered from a study (Ary, Jacob, Razavieh, Sorensen, 2009). AudienceThis is the target group to whom the findings of a research are presented. It, therefore, dictates the complexity of language to use in the study as well as the method to use in presenting final research findings. Research finding must be easy to comprehend to enhance criticism, comprehension and implementation (Ary et al, 2 009). FormatThis is the mode of presentation for research finding. In managing the study, the format influences complexity of figures to use in analyzing collected data. The format should be easy to use and correlate flow of the process. It should outline the study step wisely to enhance flow and readability. At the same time, format influences framing of study questions. They must have a format that allows the researcher to gather expected response (Ary et al, 2009). Define the distinctions between primary, secondary, and tertiary sources in a secondary searchIn a secondary search, primary sources refer to the written works of other people, which have not been consulted previously or whose consultation lead to wrong or premature conclusions. Primary sources, therefore, are paramount in building the structure of a secondary sourced research. On the other hand, secondary sources in a secondary research refer to the sources of information that show works of other researchers concerni ng the research question. A researcher consults various sources of text that present information necessary in achieving goals of the research. Tertiary sources, on the other hand, provide a background on what is commonly known concerning the subject matter. Usually, content in tertiary sources do not credit individual authors (Kothari, 2008). What problems of secondary data quality must researchers face? How can they deal with them?Various problems face a researcher when using secondary data sources. Firstly, the data may not be reliable. This is due to time limitation that causes the data to be outdated. A researcher may face limitations in gathering information regarding the source of data, level of accuracy, or even who collected the data. Secondly, the data might be biased since the author might only be concerned with meeting own objectives. Some organizations, for example, exaggerate their budgets prior to application for grants. The data might also not be applicable in the con text of the researcher. In addition, the data may not be adequate to derive conclusions for the research question at hand. This is as a result of either being too wide or narrow than the scope of the research study at hand. To counteract the quality problems, the researcher should take time to establish the authenticity of information presented in the secondary sources. The researcher should conduct a background study that explains the history of data presented in the source. At the same time, the researcher could also pursue the original authors of the source in order to demystify or remove ambiguity in terms used during compilation of the report. This may also provide information on the level of accuracy achieved during report compilation. Contact with an author of a secondary source can also provide room for clarifying the meaning of terms used in the final document (Wilson, 2010). State farm Discussion QuestionsConstructs and Concepts Involved in the StudyState farm was paying o ut large amounts of money to policy holders as a result of accidents. This reduced their profitability. At the same time, the firm wanted to enhance its image as a safety conscious insurance provider. This was as a result of an initiative started by Insurance Corporation of British Columbia. The firm was also previously involved in proactive safety campaigns and needed to enhance its advocacy. State Farm, however, had limitations regarding data collection. Other than their own database, State Farm lacked reliable sources to gather information regarding accidents occurring at intersections. At the same time, the firm did not have enough resources to mobilize for the campaign. Similarly, the scope of their research was not well laid out thereby reducing objectivity of the study. The firm had also not identified the audience for their research findings. The findings required speedy implementation by transportation engineers who also lacked funds to implement recommendations (State farm , 2001).Hypothesis that Might Drive the Research of one of the Cities on the Top 10 Dangerous Intersection ListHigh number of accidents resulting in loss of life and high payouts in premiums from an in...

Ancestry and Family Tree of President Ronald Reagan

A well-loved Hollywood actor, Ronald Reagan appeared in over 50 feature films. In 1966, he was elected governor of California and, in 1980, elected as the 40th president of the U.S. He served in this role from 1981 to 1989. Ronald Wilson Reagan was the second son of Jack Reagan and Nelle Wilson. He was the great-grandson, on his fathers side, of Irish immigrants who came to America through Canada in the 1940s. His mother was of Scottish and English descent. His other family members are presented by generation in this family tree. First Generation 1. Ronald Wilson REAGAN was born on Feb. 6, 1911 in Tampico, Illinois, and died on June 5, 2004. He is buried on the grounds of the Ronald W. Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. In 1940, Ronald Reagan married actress Sarah Jane Mayfield (stage name Jane Wyman). They had two girls: Maureen Elizabeth, born in 1941, and Christine, who died at birth in 1947. In 1945 they adopted a baby boy named Michael. Wyman and Reagan divorced in 1948 and, on March 4, 1952, he married another actress, Nancy Davis (born July 6, 1921). Named Anne Frances Robbins at birth, she took the surname Davis when her stepfather, Dr. Loyal Davis, adopted her in 1935. Nancy and Ronald had two children: Patricia Ann (Patti) in 1952, and Ronald Prescott in 1958. Second Generation (Parents) 2. John Edward (Jack) REAGAN was born on July 13, 1883 in Fulton, Illinois. He died on May 18, 1941 in Santa Monica, California. 3. Nelle Clyde WILSON was born on July 24 1883 in Fulton, Illinois. She died on July 25, 1962 in Santa Monica, California. Reagan and Wilson married on Nov. 8, 1904 in Fulton, and had two children: John Neil Reagan, born Sep. 16, 1909 in Tampico.Ronald Wilson Reagan Third Generation (Grandparents) 4. John Michael REAGAN was born on May 29 1854 in Peckham, Kent, England. He died of tuberculosis on March 10, 1889 in Fulton. 5. Jennie CUSICK was born about 1854 in Dixon, Illinois. She died of tuberculosis on Nov. 19, 1886 in Whiteside County, Illinois. Regana and Cusick married on Feb. 27 1878 in Fulton, and had four children: Catherine (Katy) Reagan, born in July 1879 in Fulton.William Reagan, born Jan. 10, 1881 in Fulton. He died on Sep 19, 1925 in Dixon, Illinois.John Edward ReaganAnna Reagan, born May 14, 1885 in Fulton. 6. Thomas WILSON was born on April 28, 1844 in Clyde, Illinois. He died on Dec. 12, 1909 in Whiteside County, Illinois. 7. Mary Ann ELSEY was born on Dec. 28, 1843 in Epson, Surrey, England. She died on Oct. 6, 1900 in Fulton. Wilson and Elsey married on Jan. 25 1866 in Morrison, Illinois, and had seven children: Emily Wilson, born Nov. 12, 1867 in Clyde, Illinois.John Wilson, born Oct. 9, 1869 in Clyde. He died on June 21, 1942 in Clinton, Iowa.Jennie Wilson, born June 16, 1872 in Illinois. She died on March 8, 1920.Alexander Thomas Wilson, born March 30, 1874 in Illinois. He died on April 26, 1962.George O. Wilson, born March 2, 1876 in Illinois. He died on April 3, 1951 in Clinton, Iowa.Mary Lavinia Wilson, born April 6, 1879 in Illinois. She died on Sep. 6, 1951 in Fulton.Nelle Clyde Wilson

The Age Of The Vampire - 1793 Words

The Age of the Vampire From Literature to Twilight, Vampires have been in the public eye for decades. The characteristics may change as will the looks but they have the same amount of popularity. It all started in 1897, the writings of Bram Stoker gave the world the story of Dracula. This story is considered the source material for all vampires to follow. Many of the characteristics laid out in Dracula can still be easily found in current vampire movies. Though there was never a â€Å"golden age† for vampire movies, as it is a subgenre for film, it did greatly participate in the golden age of horror films, giving greatly to the popularity of horror films. This popularity still demands a very active hold on film goers today. Bela Lugosi is the poster child for the character of Dracula. He set the tone for what a good vampire in the 1931 film Dracula. After Lugosi, Christopher Lee is the next person credited with the popularity of vampire movies. Lee has starred in 10 separate m ovies as Count Dracula, the quality of the movies and Lee’s prior acting credits gave way to the resurgence of Dracula in the mid 1900’s. All of these credits however mean nothing in the world of film without the movies that kicked everything off, Nosferatu, the 1922 film keeps true to the book Dracula. This allowed a new archetype to come to the world of film. This archetype however, has undergone dramatic changes over the decades. From Nosferatu to the new release of Dark Shadows, change has clearlyShow MoreRelatedThe Narrative Of The New Zealand1495 Words   |  6 Pageslives of three vampires, Viago, Deacon and Vladislav as they struggle to try to cope with the complexities of modern life. Living in a flat in Wellington, these modern day vampires are faced with the mundanities of everyday life, and things such as paying rent, trying to get into nightclubs and overcoming flatmate conflicts prove to be extremely difficult. What We Do in the Shadows is unique in that it combines parody and cinematography, while also using a mixture of two genres, vampire and mockumentaryRead MoreThe Romantic Period Stressed Instincts, Affection, and Love1422 Words   |  6 Pagesin England in late 18th century. The rise of the movement was precipitated by the issuing of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge .The movement came to cope up with the general tenors of the Industrial and Enlightenment age .It stressed on things like instincts, affection , love,the heart over the head .It came also to celebrate such things as mysticism and the natural world.Romanticism also highlighted feelings as fear, fright, terror, horror and wonderment. The movementRead MoreEssay on Reasons for Popularity of Buffy The Vampire Slayer1515 Words   |  7 PagesReasons for Popularity of Buffy The Vampire Slayer Vampire stories have been told for hundreds of years, and like all things, they have evolved with time. As technology has moved forward so did the stories, and vampire films soon became popular. These stories have recently moved onto the small screen, the most popular of which, a modern adaptation of the tradition vampire myth called Buffy the Vampire Slayer. This popular programme has a massive following here inRead MoreBlood Themes In Dracula1165 Words   |  5 Pagesexchange of blood being used for the vampire’s sexual desire, it is also used as a mean of reproduction for the vampires, as well. I think we are all used to thinking vampires and their drinking of human blood revolves around their arousal of death and aggression towards humans. Of course, it is, but more so in depths of what I stated above. What exactly is the significance of vampires and their desire for blood? I believe it is the power they gain by sucking another human’s blood. The pointRead MoreReview Of Jemaine Clement s The Shadows 1482 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern representations of vampires paired with conventional forms of vampire representations. This shift shows the new found moral ambiguity that was not present within more predatory portrayals of the vampire genre. Each of the flatmates represents a former portrayal of vampires within the horror genre. We can see how What We Do In The Shadows is drawing from previous texts to make commentary on the shift within the genre and within society. Earlier representations of vampires were developed in theRead MoreVampires And Its Effects On Society1318 Words   |  6 Pageshad gotten more attention in recent years are vampires. Vampires have changed from scary monster to attractive dead people because of how the media portrays them now a day. Some people are fascinated by this monster so much that some have created cults saying they are vampires too. The thing people have to understand is that vampires have never existed and were just created to explain the unexplainable. According to the Oxford English Dictionary vampires are defined as â€Å"A preternatural being of a malignantRead MoreSemiotic Study of Vampires and Vampires Lore1678 Words   |  7 PagesMICA | Semiotic Study of Vampires and Vampire Lore | Individual Assignment for Semiotics | | | | Submitted by: Payel Basu Roll No: 113B A semiotic study of vampires and vampire lore, with an eye on the different cultural implications that arise through the ages. | ------------------------------------------------- A semiotic study of vampires and vampire lore. The field of semiotics exists because of the realization that society has a desire to create and produce signsRead MoreAre You A Fan Of The Supernatural? Do You Believe In Things1744 Words   |  7 PagesAre you a fan of the supernatural? Do you believe in things such as ghosts, vampires, werewolves, or zombies? Perhaps you simply like to watch those types of things. Whatever your standpoint is, supernatural beings are more popular than ever. Vampires, in particular, have fascinated audiences of all ages for decades. While the term â€Å"vampire† is more recent, people have been telling stories of blood-sucking demons since ancient times. Many of these stories tell of people who used to consume bloodRead MoreDracula, Gothic And Epistolary Novels Of Dracula And Bram Stokers Dracula1357 Words   |  6 PagesVampires are not completely fictional. In the late 1890s Bram Stoker takes historical information and old European folktales to create famous Gothic novels like Dracula; Be fore writing Dracula, he studied for eight years stories of vampires. The title of Stoker’s story has historical significance to Vlad Dracul the 3rd, a Wallachian ruler who impaled his victims on stakes. Bram Stoker also was influenced by his lifetime, before the publication of Dracula, Gothic and Epistolary novels were on theRead MoreThe Folklore of the Undead Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pagesgood reason. Some people who claim to be Vampires or Vampire hunters are in fact only doing it to get attention, such as the Dogs Of War â€Å"vampire hunting group† who later admitted to being frauds.(www.choronzon.com) There are also many conflicting ideas of what a vampire is, or on definitions of vampires. Vourdalak vampires, for instance, are always female, whereas, while females are more commonly vampires, it is by no means a rule in other folklore. (Vampire Grimoire) The Zmeu, on the other hand,

Middle Ages Renaissance Study Guide Essay Example For Students

Middle Ages Renaissance Study Guide Essay Middle Ages Dates: 500-1450 1. What was going historically during this era? What was life like? It was a chaotic period of social and political unrest. Religious and political differences between and within regions led to nearly constant warfare. The life of all the classes was dominated by the feudal system feudalism. 2. Who or what had the power? The church 3. Who were learned or literate? Holy men or people of important status such as kings, queens, and knights most other people were illiterate 4. Who were allowed to sing in church? Only men were allowed to sing in church 5. Most of the music that was notated during the middle ages was sacred or secular? Sacred 6. Was most medieval music vocal? Yes 7. What is Gregorian Chant? Discuss its origin, texture, melody, rhythm, text. How did it receive its name? What is its purpose? Music to which portions of the Roman Catholic service are sung by unaccompanied voices singing in unison. The melodies of Gregorian chant are commonly sung a capable and in unison by men and boys, or by women in female religious institutions such as convents. The rhythm is free and flexible. The text may be treated in a syllabic manner with one note of music corresponding to each syllable of text. 8. When chant was notated, was the rhythm notated or Just the melody? Gregorian Chant and Just the melody 9. What are church modes? Any of a system of modes used in Gregorian chants up until 1600 10. What is the Mass? Roman Catholic worship service 11. What is the Proper of the Mass? Parts of the mass change according to the seasons of the church year around Easter and others at Characteristic; they are proper or appropriate, only at certain times. 12. What is the Ordinary of the Mass? Parts of the mass celebrated at any season of the year or time of the day. 13. Who is Hildebrand of Bigger? 12th century Benedictine abbess who was a composer of sacred song and chant 14. When did composers begin to write polyphonic pieces? What was this early polyphony like? 15. What is a canon? Polyphonic composition in which all the voices perform the same melody, beginning at different times 16. What is a drone? Sustained tone 17. What is an station? Persistently repeated melodic or rhythmic pattern 18. What is the liturgy? Words of the mass 19. Who is Gallinule De Mach? The century poet and musician who composed the first complete polyphonic setting of the entire Ordinary of the Mass. 20. What city became the musical center of Europe during the mid to late Middle Ages? What was the musical center of this city and who worked there? Vienna Composers came from all over Europe to train in and around Vienna, and gradually they developed and formalized the standard musical forms that were to dominate European musical culture for the next several decades. 21. Composers began to write polyphonic songs that were not always based on chant, what were hey based on instead? 22. By the 14th century a new system of music notation had evolved. It allowed a composer to specify almost any rhythmic pattern. Were beats now divided into two or three parts or both? Was syncopation used? Both and yes Renaissance Dates: 1450-1600 1. What was going historically during this era? What was life like? 2. What is humanism? Period characterized by a new optimism, that began in 14th century Italy and spread throughout western Europe during the Renaissance 3. What effect did the printing press have on music? It enabled books to be printed quickly and inexpensively, making them available to commoners 4. .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba , .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba .postImageUrl , .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba , .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba:hover , .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba:visited , .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba:active { border:0!important; } .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba:active , .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue693b4f276b67ada7219d902f7f5afba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kimberly Clark Case Study EssayWas every educated person expected to be trained in music? Yes 5. Where did musical activity gradually shift to? From the church to the court 6. Were composers content to remain unknown? No not anymore 7. Does vocal music continue to be more important than instrumental music? Yes 9. What is word painting? Musical illustrations of verbal concepts 10. What is the primary texture of most renaissance music? Polyphonic 11. How many different parts are typically found in a renaissance piece? How does this compare to the music in the Middle Ages? Typical pieces have four, five, or six parts, but medieval music had two and three parts. 12. What is a capable? Unaccompanied group singing 13. What was the rhythm like in renaissance music? Rhythm is more a gentle flow than a sharply defined beat. 14. What was the melody like in renaissance music? The melody usually moves along a scale with few large leaps. 15. What were to the two main types of sacred music? Define each of them? Motet is a polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Latin text other than the ordinary of the mass. Mass is a polyphonic choral composition made up of five sections: Keri, Gloria, Credo, Sanctum, and Gangs Die. 16. Who was Joaquin Deeper? What type of music did he compose? Netherlands composer of the Renaissance who composed Western Music 17. Who was Giovanni Periling dad Palestinian? Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music and the best- known 16th-century representative of the Roman School of musical composition. 18. What was the counter-reformation and the Council of Trend? The time when the Church launched its counter-attack to reformation 19. List the three complaints with the sacred music of the day? 20. What is a Lutheran chorale? A four-part choral piece by theologies and writer Martin Luther, who also composed, used in Lutheran church services. 21. What is a psalm tune? Tuneful settings of the 150 psalms in versions suitable for congregational singing 20. What is a madrigal? Secular song introduced in Italy that became popular in England as well. Polyphonic in texture and expressive in mood, madrigals are written in the vernacular. 21. Who was Thomas Wilkes? An organist and church composer 22. How were instruments categorized in the Renaissance? Low or soft 23. Explain how dances are performed together? During the Renaissance period, there was a distinction between country dances and court dances. Court dances required the dancers to be trained and were often for display and entertainment, whereas country dances could be attempted by anyone. At Court, the formal entertainment would often be followed by many hours of country dances which all present could Join in. Dances described as country dances such as Charlatans or Carthaginian remained popular over a long period over two centuries in the case of this dance. A Renaissance dance can be likened to a ball.

The Encyclopedia of drawing Review Essay Example

The Encyclopedia of drawing Review Paper Essay on The Encyclopedia of drawing This book can buy a child who wants to learn to draw correctly. In the encyclopedia described and examples show how to draw with pencils, crayons, paints. The book contains many illustrations that captivate the child. The first part of the encyclopedia devoted to images of people. We will write a custom essay sample on The Encyclopedia of drawing Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Encyclopedia of drawing Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Encyclopedia of drawing Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer First, tell your child how to draw a face, a figure. Then, as impressively show the figure in motion. Coloring techniques are explained in detail. This is followed by chapters on drawing animals, ghosts and monsters, robots, aliens, spaceships. And thats not all! Heres what style is presented information to children. Â «Cartoon Lion. This lion looks very solid. Begin by sketching the general outline of the figure as shown on the right. What would a lion stood on paper, circle all the contours of a thick felt-tip pen or stylus. Huge head gives the lion a little sheepish look. Closed eyes indicate the calm confidence of a lion in his power in the jungle. Â » Glossary pleased thoroughness. It tells about the watercolors, decorative fonts, glaze, color shades, portrait, run, shade, chiaroscuro, and more about the many, many important for the young artists things. Much attention in the encyclopedia is on the drawing of composition. Typically, the composition is a weak point in the amateur images. This is an excellent book released by ROSMEN. It is worth it is not small, but buy for the little artist a book you need. Encyclopedia will not work for art school students.

Supply Chain Risk Management

Supply Chain Risk Management Introduction Risk is one of the concepts that continuously attract the attention of business administrators and scholars. This paper is aimed at discussing this notion within the context of supply chain management. In particular, it is necessary to examine the theories and models that can be used to manage risks and increase organizational resilience to internal and external threats. This report will consist of several sections.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Supply Chain Risk Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, one should provide the definitions of main concepts such as internal and external risk. Furthermore, this paper will include a review of research articles that can be used to identify different theoretical frameworks or models of supply chain risk management. Overall, one can say that the current research is oriented toward two aspects of risks, namely probability and impact on the sustainabi lity. It should be noted that existing approaches to supply chain risk management cannot be universally applied. As a rule, they were designed to respond to the problems faced by certain types of companies or industries. This is one of the limitations that should be considered. Definitions of the main concepts Overall, the notion of risk can be interpreted as the possibility of loss, hazard, or any other undesirable event. However, researchers, who examine this term from an organizational perspective, describe it as a â€Å"variation in the distribution of possible outcomes, their likelihoods, and their subjective values† (Christopher Peck 2004, p. 4). Therefore, risk is closely connected with the deviation from the established norm. It should be noted that there are two types of risks, namely internal and external. Internal risks take their origins in the inside operations of an organization, in particular, the decisions of the management, structure, RD policies, planning, and so forth (Lin Zhou 2011, p. 164). Each of these aspects lies within the scope of managerial responsibilities. This is one of the details that should be considered. In turn, external risks can be attributed to the factors cannot be controlled or eliminated by the management. For example, one can speak about such threats as natural disasters, political upheavals, or technological catastrophes that can produce detrimental effects on a company. Additionally, it is important to examine such a concept as supply chain management (SCM). Certainly, one can offer several definitions of this term. Yet, researchers usually describe it as the way to control the flow of goods from the suppliers of raw materials to the end users of a product (Sinha, Whitman Malzahn 2004, p. 154). This term is important for understanding the questions that will be discussed.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Le arn More Overall, supply chain risk management (SCRM) can be described as a set of activities that are aimed at identifying various risks and minimizing their probability or influence on an organization. To a great extent, it is a set of activities that are supposed to make a company less vulnerable or susceptible to various threats. For example, the development of a contingency plan is one of the activities included in SCRM. This plan is supposed to give step-by-step instructions that should be carried out provided that a certain event takes place (Christopher Peck 2004). In particular, many companies develop contingency plans to reduce the impact of disruptions. This is one of the possible problems that should be addressed. There are different types of supply chain risks, for instance, one can mention delays, disruptions, forecast risks, procurement risk, the failure to collect receivables, and many other threats (Chopra Sodhi 2004, p. 54). These risks can be attributed to be internal and external factors. These are the main details that can be identified. Literature review It is possible to single out various sources that can throw light on different theories and models that can be helpful for identifying, assessing, or mitigating supply chain risks. On the whole, one can argue that various authors do not always explicitly identify a theory or model that they follow while conducting their research. Yet, it is possible to understand what kind of frameworks they rely on. For example, it is possible to discuss the article written by Martin Christopher and Helen Peck (2004) who discuss the methods of constructing a resilient supply chain. The authors focus on the strategies adopted in various industries such as food retailing, automotive manufacturing, food packaging, and so forth (Christopher Peck 2004, p. 2).The scholars attempt to answer several research questions. First, they try to determine how organizations can reduce the impact of external th reats on their business processes (Christopher Peck 2004, p. 1). Secondly, researchers want to reduce the costs associated with SCRM. These scholars attempt to develop a model of a resilient supply chain. To a great extent, it is based on the contingency theory according to which the management should concentrate on the environment in which the business operates. This theoretical framework implies that one cannot fully eliminate the probability of a certain risk. However, business administrators can develop strategies that can help a company withstand the influence of these environmental factors. This approach can be distinguished because it can enable an organization to remain sustainable at the time of crisis.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Supply Chain Risk Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In their article, Omera Khan and Marting Christopher (2008) discuss the relevance of product design to SCRM. Th ey study this question within the context of such industries as fashion retail and clothing manufacturing (Khan Christopher 2008, p. 412). These authors show how companies can improve their SCRM by viewing design as a component of supply chain. Moreover, they demonstrate how this partnership can be established. These are the main questions that these researchers examine. One of their arguments is that designers and suppliers should closely interact with one another in order to reduce the probability of supply chain risks (Khan Christopher 2008, p. 418). This study illustrates the application of the stakeholder theory which is used for the management of risks. According to this approach, the stakeholders, who may have various interests, can represent the supply chain. More importantly, different problems can be addressed or avoided if various participants are able to cooperate with one another in order to resolve conflicts and misunderstandings. This is the main principles that sho uld be followed. This framework should be disregarded because in many cases, supply chain problems can be attributed to miscommunication or lack of coordination. It can be a valuable tool for reducing the probability of risk. The importance of design is examined Yong Lin and Li Zhou (2011). In particular, these scholars explore the impact of changes in design on various supply chain risks (Lin Zhou, 2011, p. 162). They look at the way in which this issue manifests itself in the special-purpose vehicle industry. There are several questions which these researchers discuss. First, they try to determine whether a certain risks can occur due to design changes requested by clients (Lin Zhou, 2011, p. 164). Secondly, they focus on the impact of such requests on the functioning of the supply chain. Overall, their findings suggest that such changes in design often lead to external and internal supply chain risks that can be related to production process or delivery of goods to clients. Thi s study is also based on the stakeholder theory of risk. Additionally, it is possible to review the article written by Sunil Chopra and ManMohan Sodhi (2004) who study the ways of avoiding supply-chain breakdowns. These scholars discuss a variety of supply chain risks to which a business can be exposed. Overall, they do not test a certain hypothesis or answer research questions. Instead, they survey a set of methods that can mitigate various risks. One can say these scholars present a model of a resilient supply chain that is able to withstand the impact of environmental factors. Such an approach is useful for reducing the impact or risks.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One can also speak about the work of Pankai Sinha, Larry Whitman, and Don Malzahn (2004). These researchers strive to develop techniques for the mitigation of risks that can affect the supply chain in the aerospace industry. They scholars do not discuss a specific research question or a hypothesis. They are more interested in identifying techniques which enable the managers to reduce the probability and impact of risks. This article illustrates the so-called IDEFO model of managing risk (Sinha, Whitman, Malzahn 2004, p. 166). The model is premised on the idea that supply chain managers should be ready for the worst-case scenarios. By relying on stress testing, they can identify the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. Furthermore, these professionals should adopt the policy of continuous improvement (Sinha, Whitman, Malzahn 2004, p. 166). This model can be singled out because it is a useful technique for evaluating the resilience of the supply chain. The article written b y Steen Christiansen and Jesper Jensen (2009) is also worth attention because it illustrates the application of such a model as the fishbone diagram as a method of improving the work of the supply chain. This study is aimed at discussing packaging performance qualification (Christiansen Jensen 2009, p. 77). In particular, the scholars want to determine â€Å"the minimum performance qualification batch size for assembly and packaging processes† (Christiansen Jensen 2009, p. 77). These processes can be viewed as important elements of the supply chain. The writers show how a fishbone diagram can be used to identify the causes of various problems or variations in the functioning of the supply chain (Christiansen Jensen 2009, p. 83). This model is helpful for understanding the pinpointing the weaknesses in the supply chain. This is why it should not be overlooked. This use of this model is also described in the article by Angela Tidwell and Scott Sutterfield (2012). The main go al of their study is to discuss the selection of suppliers with the help of such a tool as Quality Function Deployment (2012, p. 284). They researchers focus on the needs of businesses that are engaged in toothpaste packaging (Tidwell Sutterfield 2012, p. 284). The main task is to exemplify the common challenges that companies face when choosing among various suppliers. These authors also illustrate the application of the fishbone diagram. Apart from that, it is possible to look at the article written by Craig Carter and Dale Rogers (2008). To some degree, it can throw light on the use of resource dependence theory. These authors carry out a survey of scholarly articles illustrating theoretical perspectives on the causes of supply chain risks and ways of mitigating them. In this way, they attempt to single out the most relevant approaches to SCRM. For instance, large manufacturers prefer vertical integration. In other words, they prefer to take complete control of their suppliers ( Carter Rogers 2008, p. 272). This strategy is consistent with the principles of resource dependence theory according to which organizations strive to maximize their control of resources such as labor, technologies or raw materials (Carter Rogers 2008). In turn, vertical integration of the supply chain is a way of reducing the probability of risk. Overall, this perspective is useful for explaining the long-term strategies of large manufacturers. Furthermore, one can look the article written by Anthony Paulrai and Chen Injaazz (2011). These authors discuss such a phenomenon as environmental uncertainty and its impact on SCM of various businesses. They want to show how organizations try to become more self-sufficient and reduce the threats to its supply chain. This is the main research question that they focus on. In their opinion, the main trend in SCRM is the integration of supply partners (Paulrai Injaazz 2011, p. 37). This study is also based on the use of resource dependence th eory. The peculiarities of vertical integration are examined in the study carried out by Wei Guan and Jacob (2012). These researchers examine the use of this approach by timber manufacturers (Guan Rehme 2012). The scholars intend to understand the factors that prompt various businesses to adopt this approach. This is the main issue that they are interested in. Overall, timber manufacturers focus on vertical integration because it is critical for responding to the needs of clients (Guan Rehme 2012). In order to do it, they need to make sure that suppliers are effectively managed. So, this way of removing risks takes its origins in the resource dependency theory. These are the most important aspects that can be identified in these articles. Conclusion This analysis indicates that there are different models of supply chain risk management, and each of them has its strengths and weaknesses. First of all, one can say that some of the existing models and theories are mostly aimed at imp roving organizational capacity to respond to risks or threats. For instance, a contingency theory of risk implies that a company should be ready to respond to the changes in external environment. Therefore, their main purpose is to mitigate the impact of risks. In turn, other frameworks show how the probability of risks can be reduced. It seems that an organization should combine these approaches in order to become more effective. However, one should critically evaluate the applicability of different models and theories. Many of them have been tested only within the context of some specific industries or organizations. These are the main arguments that can be put forward. References Carter, C. Rogers, D 2008, ‘A framework of sustainable supply chain management: moving toward new theory’, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 360-387. Chopra, S Sodhi, M 2004, ‘Managing Risk To Avoid Supply-Chain Breakdownâ€℠¢, MIT Sloan Management Review, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 53-61. Christiansen, S.H. Jensen, J.B.T. 2009, Packaging Performance Qualification-A Risk-Based Approach, Journal of Validation Technology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 77-85. Christopher, M Peck, H 2004, ‘Building the resilient supply chain’, International Journal of Logistics Management, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1-13. Guan, W. Rehme, J. 2012, ‘Vertical integration in supply chains: driving forces and consequences for a manufacturers downstream integration’, Supply Chain Management, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 187-201. Khan, O Kristopher, M 2008, ‘The impact of product design on supply chain risk: a case study’, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 412-432. Lin, Y Zhou, L 2011, ‘The impacts of product design changes on supply chain risk: a case study’, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 162 -186. Paulraj, A. Chen, I.J. 2007, Environmental Uncertainty and Strategic Supply Management: A Resource Dependence Perspective and Performance Implications, Journal of Supply Chain Management, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 29-42. Sinha, P., Whitman, L., Malzahn, D 2004, ‘Methodology to mitigate supplier risk in an aerospace supply chain’, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 154-168. Tidwell, A. Sutterfield, S 2012, Supplier selection using QFD: a consumer products case study, The International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 284-294.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Art - Essay Example This â€Å"something that can be conceived but not seen nor made visible† is often referred to as the sublime, a quality of transcendent greatness â€Å"with which nothing else can be compared and which is beyond all possibility of calculation, measurement or imitation† (Wikipedia, 2006). The presence of this sublime element, then, inspires the imagination in a specific direction based on which elements remain visible or understandable. Its significance is in the way in which it brings attention to the uncertainty of meaning inherent in the work, such that no resolution makes itself apparent. To understand how emotions or the sublime can be communicated through visual art, the work of modern artists Marcel Duchamp, with his â€Å"Nude Descending a Staircase #2†, and Amedeo Modigliani, with â€Å"Head of a Woman†, will be compared in terms of their materials, subject matter, content, composition, color and impacts of context or the time period in which they were produced. In terms of materials, both works of art are oil paintings placed on stretched canvas. Thus, they each represent a two-dimensional surface with little room for actual depth or movement. Although numerous means had been devised to create the illusion of depth in flat surfaces such as this, neither artist makes much use of these devices, instead allowing their backgrounds to remain relatively dark and formless. There are hints, however, at some form of space created in each. In Duchamp’s painting, for example, there is a hint of the stairway mentioned in the title in the bottom left corner offset by a somewhat smoother, flatter surface in the upper right corner. Because of the juxtaposition with the figure in the center, this latter surface seems to fall back, providing a shallow space within the painting. Modigliani also provides some sense of depth in his painting with unidentifiable dark-colored spaces to the right of the